1. Aim: XYZ hospital is a multi specialty hospital that includes a number of departments, rooms, doctors, nurses, compounders, and other staff working in the hospital. Patients having different kinds of ailments come to the hospital and get checkup done from the concerned doctors. If required, they are admitted in the hospital and discharged after treatment. The aim of this case study is to design and develop a database for the hospital to maintain the records of various departments, rooms, and doctors in the hospital. It also maintains records of the regular patients, patients admitted in the hospital, the check up of patients done by the doctors, the patients that have been operated, and patients discharged from the hospital.
  2. Description: In hospital, there are many departments like Orthopedic, Pathology, Emergency, Dental, Gynecology, Anesthetics, I.C.U., Blood Bank, Operation Theater, Laboratory, M.R.I., Neurology, Cardiology, Cancer Department, Corpse, etc. There is an OPD where patients come and get a card (that is, entry card of the patient) for check up from the concerned doctor. After making entry in the card, they go to the concerned doctor’s room and the doctor checks up their ailments. According to the ailments, the doctor either prescribes medicine or admits the patient in the concerned department. The patient may choose either private or general room according to his/her need. But before getting admission in the hospital, the patient has to fulfill certain formalities of the hospital like room charges, etc. After the treatment is completed, the doctor discharges the patient. Before discharging from the hospital, the patient again has to complete certain formalities of the hospital like balance charges, test charges, operation charges (if any), blood charges, doctors’ charges, etc. Next we talk about the doctors of the hospital. There are two types of the doctors in the hospital, namely, regular doctors and call on doctors. Regular doctors are those doctors who come to the hospital daily. Calls on doctors are those doctors who are called by the hospital if the concerned doctor is not available.
  3. Key Entities and Attributes
    1. Department
      1. Attributes: DepartmentID (Primary Key), Name (e.g., Orthopedic, Pathology), Location
    2. Doctor
      1. Attributes: DoctorID (Primary Key), Name, Specialization, Type (Regular or Call on), DepartmentID (Foreign Key to Department), RoomID (Foreign Key to Room)
    3. Patient
      1. Attributes: PatientID (Primary Key), Name, DOB, Gender, ContactInfo, Address, EntryDate, RoomType (Private or General), Admitted (Yes/No), DischargeDate
    4. Room
      1. Attributes: RoomID (Primary Key), RoomType (Private or General), ChargesPerDay, Availability
    5. Staff
      1. Attributes: StaffID (Primary Key), Name, Position (e.g., Nurse, Compounder), DepartmentID (Foreign Key to Department)
    6. Checkup
      1. Attributes: CheckupID (Primary Key), PatientID (Foreign Key to Patient), DoctorID (Foreign Key to Doctor), Diagnosis, Prescription, Date
    7. Admission
      1. Attributes: AdmissionID (Primary Key), PatientID (Foreign Key to Patient), RoomID (Foreign Key to Room), AdmissionDate, DischargeDate
    8. Billing
      1. Attributes: BillID (Primary Key), PatientID (Foreign Key to Patient), RoomCharges, DoctorCharges, TestCharges, OperationCharges, BloodCharges, TotalAmount, BalanceDue
  4. Relationships
    1. Department - Doctor: One-to-Many (Each department can have multiple doctors, but each doctor is assigned to only one department).
    2. Department - Staff: One-to-Many (Each department has multiple staff members, each staff member belongs to one department).
    3. Doctor - Checkup: One-to-Many (Each doctor can conduct multiple checkups, and each checkup is conducted by one doctor).
    4. Patient - Checkup: One-to-Many (Each patient can undergo multiple checkups, each checkup pertains to one patient).
    5. Patient - Admission: One-to-One (Each patient has a single admission record at a time, while each admission is linked to only one patient).
    6. Room - Admission: One-to-Many (Each room can be assigned to multiple patients over time, but a patient occupies only one room at a time).
    7. Patient - Billing: One-to-One (Each patient has one billing record associated with their stay or treatment).
  5. ER Diagram Outline

    1. Entities will be represented as rectangles, each containing attributes.

    2. Relationships (diamonds) will connect the entities, labeled to indicate the nature of each relationship.

    3. Primary Keys are underlined, and Foreign Keys will have lines to indicate links to other entities.

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